ABSTRACT
Purpose: An advantage of rebound tonometry (RT) is its ease of use so that it can also be operated by health care technicians. However, the cost of the disposable measuring probes is high and their reuse carries the risk of infection. Therefore, this study aims to objectify the potential risk of bacterial transmission by RT. Methods: Our experimental setting consisted of two experiments. The first aimed to quantify the number of bacteria on a tonometer probe after immersion in a bacterial suspension in vitro. The experiment was carried out with two different bacteria and compared with results from a Goldmann tonometer probe. The second experiment tested whether bacteria could be transmitted by simulating reuse of a nondisinfected rebound tonometer probe. Results: First experiment: After immersion of the rebound tonometer probe, we measured a bacterial count of 2.43 × 106 Escherichia coli (EC) and 1.12 × 106 Pseudomonas fluorescens. In total, 1.09 × 107 bacteria for EC and 2.61 × 106 for Pseudomonas fluorescens (PF) were measured on the Goldmann tonometer probe. Second experiment: A bacterial transmission could be detected in 36% of cases in which reuse of nondisinfected tonometer probes was simulated. Conclusion: These results show that despite the small surface of the rebound tonometer probe, there is a clear risk of bacterial transmission. Thorough disinfection according to general standards should be mandatory if the tonometer probes are to be reused.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to determine changes on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter (PD) in healthy cats anesthetized with isoflurane, and premedicated with acepromazine alone or in combination with tramadol. Thirty cats were allocated in two groups (n=15/each) and were treated with acepromazine (AG) or acepromazine/tramadol (ATG). PD and IOP were assessed before and following 30 (PM1), and 40 minutes (PM2) of treatments. Anesthesia was induced with propofol, and IOP and DP were recorded (A10) at 10 minute intervals until the end of anesthesia (A40). IOP decreased in AG and ATG, when comparing baseline with PM1. IOP decreased only in AG, in comparisons between baseline and PM2. During anesthesia, IOP did not change within and between groups. Comparisons between baseline with those recorded at PM1 and 2 showed that PD increased in the ATG. During anesthesia, PD decreased significantly in AG and ATG. Both protocols maintained the IOP within the reference range to perform corneal or intraocular surgery in healthy cats but did not sustain pre-anesthetic pupil dilation observed in ATG.(AU)
O objetivo do presente artigo é determinar possíveis alterações na pressão intraocular (PIO) e no diâmetro pupilar (DP) em gatos saudáveis anestesiados com isoflurano e pré-medicados com acepromazina isolada ou em combinação com acepromazina/tramadol. Trinta gatos saudáveis foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos (n=15/cada) e tratados com acepromazina (GA) ou acepromazina/tramadol (GAT). DP e PIO foram avaliadas antes (basal) e após 30 (PM1) e 40 minutos (PM2) dos tratamentos. A anestesia foi induzida com propofol, e a PIO e o DP foram registrados (A10) a cada 10 minutos até o final da anestesia com isoflurano (A40). Ao se compararem os valores obtidos no basal com PM1, a PIO diminuiu em GA e GAT; com PM2, a PIO reduziu apenas no GA. Durante a anestesia, a PIO não diferiu dentro e entre os grupos. Comparações entre os valores basais e os registrados em PM1 e em PM2 mostraram que a DP aumentou significativamente no GAT. Durante a anestesia, o DP diminuiu significativamente em GA e GAT. Ambos os protocolos mantêm a PIO dentro dos valores de referência para realizar cirurgias corneanas ou intraoculares em gatos saudáveis, mas não sustentam a dilatação pupilar pré-anestésica observada em GAT.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Tramadol/administration & dosage , Mydriasis/veterinary , Pupil/drug effects , Intraocular Pressure , Isoflurane/adverse effects , Acepromazine/administration & dosage , Tonometry, Ocular/veterinary , Anesthetics, General/administration & dosageABSTRACT
The field related to the visual system of wild animals is deeply scarce. Settling anatomical and physiological parameters for these animals is still a descriptive vision for Bradypus variegatus (Schinz, 1825). Thus, our research aimed to determine patterns of normal eye for this species. For this purpose, eight eye bulbs were dissected from the carcasses obtained by natural death, and then performed an overview of ocular anatomical. Rebound tonometry (RBT) and ocular B-mode ultrasonography were also applied for eight eyes in four animals from "Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos", situated in the city of Recife, state of Pernambuco (PE), to estimate the intraocular pressure and ocular ecobiometry. The ocular morphology of sloth is similar as described for other species, however, with some peculiarities. They present a third eyelid emerging in the nasal region of the inferior conjunctival sac and retina and also contain little differentiated blood vessels. Medium the intraocular pressure (IOP) was 4.25mmHg with no difference for both eyes. Ultrasonography of ocular anatomy is also similar regarding other species. Ecobiometric patterns were evaluated to determine the anterior chamber depth, lens width, vitreous chamber depth, and axial length (AL) of ocular globe and the averaged as shown 0.63±1.11mm, 3.73±0.24mm, 6.15±0.41mm, 3.70±0.27mm, and 8.48±0.22mm, respectively. There was no difference between the right and left eyes. The RBT and ocular B-mode ultrasonography are fast exams and easy for animal testing. This study contributed to the characterization of ocular anatomy as well as settling medium values of IOP and intraocular measures; however, further research on physiology and histology is necessary to better understand the visual function of the species.(AU)
O campo de estudo relacionado ao sistema visual de animais silvestres é muito escasso. Estabelecer parâmetros anatômicos e fisiológicos para estes animais ainda está restrito a uma visão descritiva, assim ocorre em Bradypus variegatus (Schinz, 1825). Diante deste fato, objetivou-se com este estudo determinar padrões de normalidade oftálmica nesta espécie. Para isto foram dissecados oito bulbos oculares de cadáveres obtidos por morte natural e realizada a descrição anatômica ocular. Além disso, foram realizadas tonometria de rebote (TonoVet®) e ultrassonografia em modo B em oito olhos de quatro animais provenientes do Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos, Recife/PE, para avaliação da pressão intraocular e realização da ecobiometria ocular. A anatomia ocular do bicho-preguiça é semelhante à descrita para outras espécies com algumas particularidades. Apresentam uma terceira pálpebra emergindo na região nasal do saco conjuntival inferior e retina com vasos sanguíneos pouco diferenciados. A pressão intraocular média foi de 4,25mmHg não havendo diferença entre os olhos direito e esquerdo. A anatomia ocular ultrassonográfica é semelhante à encontrada para outras espécies. Os padrões ecobiométricos obtidos foram: profundidade da câmara anterior, espessura do cristalino, diâmetro do cristalino, profundidade da câmara vítrea e comprimento axial do bubo ocular com tamanhos médios de 0,63±1,11mm, 3,73±0,24mm, 6,15±0,41mm, 3,70±0,27mm e 8,48±0,22mm, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre os olhos direito e esquerdo. A tonometria de rebote e a ultrassonografia ocular em modo B são exames de rápida e fácil execução, sendo bem tolerados pelos animais. Este estudo contribuiu para a caracterização anatômica ocular e para o estabelecimento de valores médios da pressão intraocular e das medidas intraoculares, no entanto são necessárias outras pesquisas na área da fisiologia e histologia para melhor compreensão da função visual da espécie.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Sloths/anatomy & histology , Biometry , Eye/anatomy & histology , Eye/diagnostic imaging , Tonometry, Ocular/veterinary , Ultrasonography/veterinary , Intraocular PressureABSTRACT
@#AIM: To compare the measurement of intraocular pressure(IOP)through a bandage contact lens with the “native” measurement by rebound tonometry and non-contact tonometry in patients after pterygium excision. <p>METHODS: Fifty consecutive patients(50 eyes)undergone pterygium excision(unilateral nasal, primary pterygium, horizontal length <4mm), and conjunctival autografting were included in this prospective study. IOP measurements were obtained by Rebound tonometry and non-contact tonometry in random order with(lens measurement)and without(native measurement)a bandage contact lens half a month after operation. We compared the mean values(validity parameter)and standard deviation(precision parameter)of the two individual measurements in each case using the paired t-test 14d after surgery. <p>RESULTS: With the rebound tonometry we detected statistically significant higher values in the contact lens measurements(18.20±3.19 <i>vs</i> 15.17±3.80mmHg in the native measurements; <i>P</i><0.001), a good correlation with <i>r</i>=0.884 and mean difference was 3.04±1.79mmHg; With the non-contact tonometry we detected statistically significant higher values in the contact lens measurements(15.74±3.23 <i>vs</i> 13.19±3.89mmHg in the native measurements; <i>P</i><0.001), a good correlation with <i>r</i>=0.876 and mean difference was 2.55±1.88mmHg. In the contact lens measurements and native measurements, we detected statistically significant higher values by Rebound tonometry than that by non-contact tonometry(<i>P</i><0.001), and mean difference was 2.46±1.45mmHg, 1.98±1.67mmHg. <p>CONCLUSION: The use of rebound tonometry and non-contact tonometry shows good consistency between lens measurement and native measurement. However, it should be noted that the average of the measurements over contact lens by rebound tonometry and non-contact tonometry were found to be higher than that in native measurement, and the average of the measurements with and without lens by rebound tonometer was found to be higher than what was measured by non-contact tonometry.
ABSTRACT
@#AIM: To compare the measurement of intraocular pressure(IOP)through a bandage contact lens with the “native” measurement by rebound tonometry and non-contact tonometry in patients after pterygium excision. <p>METHODS: Fifty consecutive patients(50 eyes)undergone pterygium excision(unilateral nasal, primary pterygium, horizontal length <4mm), and conjunctival autografting were included in this prospective study. IOP measurements were obtained by Rebound tonometry and non-contact tonometry in random order with(lens measurement)and without(native measurement)a bandage contact lens half a month after operation. We compared the mean values(validity parameter)and standard deviation(precision parameter)of the two individual measurements in each case using the paired t-test 14d after surgery. <p>RESULTS: With the rebound tonometry we detected statistically significant higher values in the contact lens measurements(18.20±3.19 <i>vs</i> 15.17±3.80mmHg in the native measurements; <i>P</i><0.001), a good correlation with <i>r</i>=0.884 and mean difference was 3.04±1.79mmHg; With the non-contact tonometry we detected statistically significant higher values in the contact lens measurements(15.74±3.23 <i>vs</i> 13.19±3.89mmHg in the native measurements; <i>P</i><0.001), a good correlation with <i>r</i>=0.876 and mean difference was 2.55±1.88mmHg. In the contact lens measurements and native measurements, we detected statistically significant higher values by Rebound tonometry than that by non-contact tonometry(<i>P</i><0.001), and mean difference was 2.46±1.45mmHg, 1.98±1.67mmHg. <p>CONCLUSION: The use of rebound tonometry and non-contact tonometry shows good consistency between lens measurement and native measurement. However, it should be noted that the average of the measurements over contact lens by rebound tonometry and non-contact tonometry were found to be higher than that in native measurement, and the average of the measurements with and without lens by rebound tonometer was found to be higher than what was measured by non-contact tonometry.